33 29 30 ALRI RP 19, ... at 20. 31 In 1987, we lacked empirical evidence to show that a particular process is most effective for a particular dispute: Canada, Law Reform Commission, Dispute Resolution in Canada: Present State, Future Direction (Consultation Paper) by  Andrew J. Pirie (Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1987) at 18. I am not aware of any significant advancements in empirical evidence since then. 32 Jacob, at 4: “It is  the lack of confidence in the professionalism of our lawyers that explains the introduction of judicial case management where litigation does take place.” 33 Landerkin & Pirie, at 265. 34 Ibid. citing Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 16. 35 Landerkin and Pirie, at 264, citing Nims, Galanter ..., who in turn cites Nims, “P re-Trial in the United States” (1947),  25 Can. B. Rev. 702 at 720 and McIvaine, “The Value of Effective  Pre- Trial” (1961), 28 F.R.D . 162. 36 Agrios, quoting Belzil ... 37 E.g., Alberta Prov. Ct. 38 In the province of Quebec, JDR was introduced in the appellate court and later instituted in the trial court: [cite articles on JDR in Quebec]. In Alberta, JDR in the Court of Appeal is an even better kept secret than JDR in the Court of Queen’s Bench ( i.e., superior court trial level) 39 Landerkin & Pirie, at 266: “Only  recently would it be fair to say that mediation has become a part of the judges’ role  in Canada through rule changes permitting mediation-type activities in specific cases or courts. For example, in British Columbia the Provincial Court now conducts mandatory settlement conferences in which the judge “m ay mediate any issues being disputed.” British Columbia, Small Claims Rules, r. 7(14). 40 Landerkin & Pirie, at 264, citing M. Galanter, “The  Emergence of the Judge as a Mediator in Civil Cases” (1986) 69 Judicature 257. 41 CM12.6, at 6. 42 Landerkin & Pirie, at 274. 43 Bencher’s Advisory article ... [get from CM 12.9?] 44 Alberta Law Reform Institute, Civil Litigation: The Judicial Mini-Trial, (Discussion Paper No. 1, Dispute Resolution–Special Series) (Edmonton: Alberta Law Reform Institute, 1993) [ALRI DP1].